Has the Euro Been a Failure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Has the Euro Been a Failure - Essay Example Conversely, those states that have bandwagon together in the hopes that joining the European Union will provide the prosperity that the fabricators have promised have found out that the benefits are oftentimes outweighed by the risks. For instance, in the beginning, phases of European Union integration, there was a subset of requirements that each of the member states must ensure that they ascribed to as a determining factor of being eligible to participate in and share the â€Å"benefits† of European Union membership. However, as time has progressed and the economic situation across the continent has substantially deteriorated, many of these determining factors have weighed heavily on some of the weakest member states. The article refers to these as â€Å"PIIGS† (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, and Spain). Although these economies are suffering from the pains of continental integration, their central banks, and economic institutions are beholden to upholding the demands that European Union membership has placed upon them. In this way, the needs of the nation are subjected to the demands of EU membership. The authors discuss the most prominent reason/factor which caused the European Union to integrate so hastily was the fact that European leaders, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, were in a rush to ensure that the torturous pains that Europe had experienced within the past 60 years would never again be repeated. Although the author states that this oversight was one that was born primarily out of a desire to ensure the peace and prosperity of the European block for future generations, this estimation is one that looks at the formation of the European integration through rose tinted glasses (Bergsten 18).

Plant Genome Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Plant Genome Comparison - Essay Example ecause of its relevance to biosecurity as its seeds contain high levels of highly toxic ricin protein which acts as a ribosome inactivator (Chan et al. 1). For the purpose of the genomic comparison, three studies (The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative, Ming et al. and Chan et al.) exploring the genome content of these plants have been used in the succeeding sections. The Carica papaya genome is three times larger than the Arabidopsis thaliana genome but has fewer genes. In fact, Carica papaya has lesser genes than any angiosperm so far sequenced. Its genome size is 372 Mbp while that of Arabidopsis thaliana is 125 Mbp. The genome of Ricinus communis is also fairly larger compared to Arabidopsis thaliana but smaller than Carica papaya, having a size of 350 Mbp. Compared to the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, Carica papaya genome has lesser disease resistance gene analogues. It also has minimal angiosperm gene set and lacks a recent genome duplication, which is unusual for other angiosperm genomes so far sequenced. The genome of Carica papaya is largely euchromatic but also has highly condensed heterochromatin knobs that represent 30–35% of its genomic DNA. In Arabidopsis thaliana genome too, there are euchromatic and heterochromatic regions. Most protein coding genes in Arabidopsis thaliana reside in the euchromatic regions while heterochromatin regions around the centromere have transposons and other repetitive sequences. In fact, in Arabidopsis thaliana account for around 10% of the genome, almost one-fifth of the intergenic DNA. The genome assembly of Ricinus communis is fairly fragmented with several megabase-sized scaffolds. Fifty percent of the Ricinus communis genome is found to be repetitive DNA, one-third of which is retrotranposons and less than 2% DNA transposons. BLASTZ alignment studies of chromosomal segments of Carica papaya with syntenic regions in Arabidopsis thaliana have shown that 34.8% of Arabidopsis thaliana genes in any one segment correspond